TEKNOLOGI : Bio-Rad Melancarkan The Geenius™ HIV 1/2 Confirmatory System

HERCULES, CA – April 26, 2013 — Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (NYSE: BIO and BIOb),  sebuah syarikat multinational pengeluar dan pengedar produk “life science research” dan “clinical diagnostics”, mengumumkan pelancaran produk “ Geenius™ HIV 1/2 Confirmatory” untuk pasaran antarabangsa.

Geenius™ HIV 1/2 Confirmatory adalah satu sistem yang lengkap menggabungkan ujian HIV-1 and HIV-2 confirmation dan perbezaan dalam serum, plasma atau darah bersama dengan kaedah bacaan automasi dan penterjemahan keputusan yang lengkap - semua dilakukan dalamasa kurang 30 minit.

Faedah

Gabungan dan ujian yang cepat

Pengesahan dan perbezaan  HIV dalamasa kurang 30 minit.

3 jenis sampel (serum, plasma, darah)

Software yang mudah digunakan

Saringan sepenuhnya

 

*tidak perlu bergantung kepada kaedah WESTERN BLOT untuk "HIV confirmatiom".

STUDY SLIDE 3 (july)

QUESTION :

Blood film‚ from an anaemic male patient aged 75 who had a gastrectomy for carcinoma of stomach six months previously. Comment on the findings.

ANSWER :
 
The red cells show marked membrane irregularities‚ principally acanthocytic changes and fragmentation. Haemolysis is sometimes a complication of red cell damage related to metastatic disease.

STUDY SLIDE 2 (july)

Question :
"A film prepared from the blood of a boy who returned to his boarding school following the summer holidays and developed a fever soon afterwards. The provisional diagnosis on the request form was ""?glandular fever"". What do you see?"

Answer : "Two ring forms of Plasmodium falciparum are shown. Routine examination of thick and thin films remains a sound procedure for the diagnosis of malaria despite the development of ""alternative"" methods. The real problem with making the diagnosis is failure to think of it in the first place."

STUDY SLIDE (july)

QUESTION SLIDE :
Supporting data: A woman of Mediterranean origins aged 30 years‚ the previously healthy mother of three children‚ now complaining of headaches and tiredness. Spleen palpable approximately 4 cm. below the left costal margin. Hb = 9.5 g/dl‚ red cell count 5.0 x10ˆ12/l. Examine the photomicrograph of the patient`s blood film‚ noting your findings and conclusions.

Answer : The red cells are microcytic and hypochromic. A target cell is shown (top left) and there are poikilocytes and small fragmentary forms. The MCH (which you could have obtained from the data provided) is 19 pg. The patient suffered from HbH disease‚ confirmed by electrophoresis and the HbH inclusions test. There was a neutrophil right shift‚ represented in the picture by the cell with six nuclear lobes‚ but a suspicion of folate deficiency was not confirmed by further investigations.

White Cell Basics: Maturation

Note that the mature forms of the myeloid series (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), all have lobed (segmented) nuclei. 

The degree of lobation increases as the cells mature.

 

Myeloblast-Promyelocyte-Myelocytes-Metamyelocytes-Band-Segmented (segs) or polymorphonuclear (PMN)

Myeloblast

The earliest recognizable myeloid cell is the myeloblast (10-20mm diameter) with a large round to oval nucleus. There is fine diffuse immature chromatin (without clumping) and a prominant nucleolus. The cytoplasm is basophilic without granules. Although one may see a small golgi area adjacent to the nucleus, granules are not usually visible by light microscopy. One should not see blast cells in the peripheral blood.

Promyelocyte The promyelocyte (10-20mm diameter) is slightly larger than a blast. Its nucleus, although similar to a myeloblast shows slight chromatin condensation and less prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm contains striking azurophilic granules or primary granules. These granules contain myeloperoxidase, acid phosphatase, and esterase enzymes. Under light microscope, usually proomyelocytes are not seen . At the point in development when secondary granules can be recognized, the cell becomes a myelocyte.

Myelocytes   Myelocytes (10-18mm) are slightly smaller than promyelocytes and have eccentric round-oval nuclei, often flattened along one side. It has fine chromatin, but shows evidence of condensation. Nucleoli may be seen in early stages but not in the late myelocyte. Primary azurophilic granules are still present, but secondary granules predominate. Secondary granules (neut, eos, or baso) first appear adjacent to the nucleus. In neutrophils this is the "dawn" of neutrophilia. Myelocytes are not normally found in the peripheral blood.

Metamyelocytes Metamyelocytes (10-18mm) are slightly smaller than myelocytes.  They have kidney shaped indented nuclei and relatively dense chromatin, especially along the nuclear membrane.  The cytoplasm is faintly pink with almost no blue background. Numerous secondary granules (neutro, eos, or baso) clearly outnumber primary granules. Zero to one percent of the peripheral blood white cells may be metamyelocytes (juveniles).

Band Bands, slightly smaller than juveniles, are marked by a U-shaped or deeply indented nucleus. Opposite sides or lobes are of roughly equal size or diameter. There is no nuclear constriction > than 1/2 the lobe diameter. The chromatin is heavily clumped and secondary or specific granules either neutrophilic or basophilic predominate. Normal band counts vary but are usually in the range of 0-6%.

Segmented (segs) or polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes Segmented (segs) or polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes (average 14 mm dia) are distinguished by definite lobation with thin thread-like filaments of chromatin joining the 2-5 lobes. The chromatin of the segmented neutrophil is coarsely clumped and the cytoplasm is pink due to large numbers of secondary granules. In practice when examining peripheral blood, neutrophils are the only leukocytes to be divided into myelocyte, juvenile, band, and PMN stages. Eosinophils and basophils of all stages are lumped together in most instances. Normally approximately 45-75% of the peripheral blood white cells are segmented neutrophils.